Assume vs. Presume

Assume vs. Presume Assume vs. Presume Assume vs. Presume By Maeve Maddox Both words have numerous definitions in the OED, but in ordinary usage, both assume and presume mean suppose. I suppose you are going to the beach this summer. I assume you are going to the beach this summer I presume you are going to the beach this summer. H.W. Fowlers opinion was that in using presume, the speaker believes the supposition is true and will believe it until he learns otherwise. In using assume, the speaker feels no certainty that his supposition is true or not. In a legal context, presume means to take as proved until contrary evidence is presented. Ex. The defendant is presumed innocent. Because of the association of the word presume with legal contexts, it carries a connotation of formality. For the fiction writer, presume would be the preferable choice in the speech of a remote or officious character. Here are some quotations from newspapers: cant even agree on why we disagree about President Trump, a USA TODAY/Suffolk Poll finds, but we assume the worst about the other side. Republicans described Trump’s opponents as lazy, narrow-minded  and mired in (www.usatoday.com) Even the most secure corporate networks tend not to take that sort of approach: once you’re in the secure zone, they assume you’re one of the good guys.† The future won’t be a hack-free heaven. Software is complex, mistakes (www.theguardian.com) As the heirs to those brave patriots who fought the American Revolution, we must not retreat from the ramparts they built. Due process was costly to achieve in battle and ought not to be conveniently ignored. When someone raises an allegation that the law has been violated, we must presume that the claim lacks merit until evidence is tested in a court of law and a judge or jury makes a ruling. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:When to Capitalize Animal and Plant Names50 Synonyms for â€Å"Idea†10 Tips to Improve Your Writing Skills

The Sociologically Imagined Self †Sociology Essay

The Sociologically Imagined Self – Sociology Essay Free Online Research Papers The Sociologically Imagined Self Sociology Essay In today’s society, it is easy to spot someone blaming themselves for the occurrence of their personal life problems. For example, a single-mother may blame herself for not being able to support her children well due to shortage of money and unavailability to find a decent job. Another could be a newly-wed couple having daily arguments which may lead to their divorce or a case of where women are facing difficulties perceiving their housekeeping responsibilities as a mother wanting to become something more than just a housewife. These various private tensions may seem very personal, yet according to sociologist C. Wright Mills, these dilemmas are all related to a bigger world called society and this is known as the sociological imagination. Sociological imagination suggests that people look at their own personal troubles as social issues and, in general try to connect their own individual encounters with the workings of society. The personal problems are closely related to societal issues such as unemployment, marriage, war and even the city life where the private troubles and the public issues become clearly apparent. With the understanding of the sociological imagination, I began to notice the dail y choices I make, the classes I attend, the way I was raised by my parents, the group of people I choose to hang out with, the things I like to converse about with others are all somehow affected by public issues and what society tends to make us believe is right. There are many areas in my life where I feel that I am greatly affected by various sociological theories such as events dealing with gender and sexuality, family and culture, ethnicity and race, and social class and work. Even though our country supports equality in gender and women are rising up to be treated same as men, there still exist differences in sexuality in our society. This issue of gender and sexuality of our society has had one of the biggest impacts in my life since I was raised with my twin brother Alex. When I saw light of the world, I was immediately assumed the role of a daughter and a girl to my parents. My brother was given tanks, robots and Lego to play with, while I was given Barbie dolls, mini-baking sets and etc. I loved playing with dolls, but there was always that little thought in back of mind that I wanted to play with whatever my brother got to play with as well. However, I soon realized that boys’ toys weren’t for me and that I should be satisfied with whatever toys were given to me by my parents. I believe that toys contribute to the gender socialization with the help of parents who tend to treat boys and girls differently since their births. Because Barbi e is likely one of the most identifiable symbols of femininity in the world, parents feel the need to expose it to their daughters at an early age. According to this, there are obviously different social positions assumed by women and men because even at a young age, one adopts a gender role closely related to gender identity which is â€Å"your identification with, or sense of belonging to, a particular sex-biologically, psychologically, and socially† (288). After numerous incidents where I was denied to play with my brother’s toys or to play guys’ sports such as baseball, I was slowly beginning to understand my role as a female, a daughter and a sister through everyday social interactions and social learning of gender which I believed was the correct thing to do. I suppose that gender is not just created biologically; rather, it is also felt and learned through the moments one experiences within the society. Also, the cultural factors influencing the structural factors in gender can also be experienced through the society. I believe that having a twin brother has influenced me even more in recognizing my gender identity. With strict distinction drawn by my parents and those around me, I was taught that playing with Barbie dolls was the socially accepted thing to do. If I had not learned abou t how social beliefs affect personal lives, I wouldn’t have even thought about questioning what would have happened if I had no clear social interactions or learning to help me identify my gender. Another sociological theory that has affected my way of thinking was social issues dealing with family and culture. I grew up in a traditional Korean family before I moved here in United States and those were the times when my views and my behaviors were shaped by my parents and grandparents. My grandfather used to tell me many stories about when Korea was a colony of Japan and Japanese people stole, rooted, and ruined the lives of innocent Korean people. While he angrily expressed his feelings toward Japanese people, I, as a child, could feel myself slowly believing in my grandfather’s beliefs. I think that as a child I was going through an anticipatory socialization where I was taking on the norms and behaviors of a role to which one aspires but does not yet occupy. It could also be said that I was completely rejecting self socialization and was making my family an aspect of my primary socialization. Due to this, while I was growing up, I tended to avoid Japanese people. I s tarted to feel that the culture was limiting the â€Å"choices† at my disposal. Due to this experience as a child, I realized that I had almost no control over my beliefs and most were issued to me by my family, culture and society and still do not have control over these things. Because my grandfather was basically socializing me when I was a child, I still have problems developing my individual beliefs alone. Even to this day, society plays such a big role in my making of choices everyday and social influences can be most of times, uncontrollable; however, sometimes one could use those social influences to one’s own advantage to form the socially understood beliefs. This experience helped me to realize that society does indeed play a main role in developing my cultural and traditional family views and values. As I continued to live in America, my racial identity became clearer as I was considered to be part of a minor racial group in my class full of Caucasian people. At first, I was surprised by the enormous variety of races that existed. The first day I went to school, I realized I was the only Asian in the class and soon fell silent feeling maybe I wasn’t supposed to be there, I simply did not belong in there. However, later during the day, I was moved to an ESL class where I met at least seven Korean people. Soon, I started to feel that I was part of a distinct ethnic group and I would feel more accepted when I am with other people of my ethnic group. According to Brym and Lie, ethnic group is composed of people who perceived cultural markers are deemed socially significant. It is true that ethnic groups differ from one another in terms of language, religion, customs, values, and ancestors, but these are not the only causes of differences in races, but much of the social-struct ural differences typically underlie cultural differences. I felt more comfortable being with other Koreans because I thought they shared similar ideas as me, but another reason was because while I was in the classroom filled with mostly Caucasian people, I felt as if they were saying, â€Å"What is she doing here? She’s not one of us.† Somehow, I felt like an outcast among the fluent English speakers and thought even my teacher looked down on me because I could not speak the language. However, after couple years of living in America, I started to make Caucasian friends and slowly began to experience a shift in my racial identity. Even before I knew it, I was shaping and reshaping my ethnic identity through the experiences I was encountering with different groups of people. Consequently, I would meet new people and they would ask where I am from and I find myself answering, â€Å"Chicago,† whereas couple years ago I used to respond with â€Å"Seoul, South Korea. † According to Brym and Lie, assimilation is the process by which a minority group blends into the majority population and eventually disappears as a distinct group. I believe that through goodwill, I was allowed to fuse socially and culturally into an American culture. Unlike the years before, I now believe that racial identity was not forced upon me; rather I shaped it throughout the years through my own experiences with different race people. Following the changes in my attitude toward different group of people, I started to become more aware of my current social standings living with my parents. I believe that social inequality still have big consequences for the way we live which sketches out the pattern of social inequality in the United States and globally. The meaning of social stratification, the way society is organized in layers or strata, we start to identify issues that need to be resolved before we can achieve a more adequate understanding of social stratification, one of the fundamentally important aspects of social life (195). Wealth is not just how much money you have or how expensive of things you can afford to buy; rather it’s something that you own. It may be many different things. For example, my parents’ wealth helped to purchase a house of their own, a new Mercedes and to pay for two kids’ college tuitions. I agree with the fact that wealth even improves your health because you can afford to engage in leisure pursuits, turn off stress, consume high-quality food and all this will lead you to live a healthier and longer life than someone who lacks these advantages. My dad, who has lost his mother when he was only six years old, has lived under difficult conditions. His father did not have a job, he had five siblings who now had no mother to cook for them or take care of them. They lived in poor conditioned house where rain would go right through the roof of the house leading to another night of wet floor to be bucketed out. Not until my dad started to work on his own, he was not able to achieve any social status with his family living in such poverty. Now he works as a financial manager for a prosperous company called Molex Co. and earns a high income annually. Since your income is what you earn in a given period, there is less income inequality in the distribution of wealth. People of social stratification usually divide populations into categories of unequal size that differ in their lifestyle. Also, there is a relationship between wealth and culture as one defines class such as the â€Å"cultural capital† which is widely shared high status cultural signals that really can’t be counted due to its invisibility. I realized after hearing my dad’s life story of working his way up in his social and economic status that it is possible for people to move up and down following economy. In order to do this however, our society needs to promote marriage, decent paying jobs, and raise the minimum wage. I sometimes wonder how my parents would react if I brought someone home to introduce him as my future husband but he’s social standing is dramatically lower than my family’s. I believe that my parents would try to convince me to rethink because by marrying him I will not be able to enjoy the privileges I got to enjoy living with my family. Even now, I realized that I usually hang out with those who’s standin g on a similar social status as me because I can relate to them more when talking about things rather than with people who never got to do things that I was privileged to due to my social standing. Even at school, there are certain social events that only people who can afford to buy the tickets can attend. Those who are not able to afford such things are not allowed to attend the event. This shows how the society makes social stratification seem almost natural and bound to happen. Our society promotes the differences in social classes and is telling us to accept it the way it is. I believe that if I had not been aware of these sociological theories, I would not have been able to understand how society relates to my daily choice makings and beliefs I have developed throughout the years. I always thought that my personal problems were only affected by my private issues and did not think that sociological issues could be such a big of an impact. In many areas such as gender and sexuality, family and culture, race and ethnicity, and social class and stratification were all the causes and results of various personal problems I had throughout my life. Once I began to learn these sociological concepts, I was able to relate them more to my life and started to question how society can be changed. People must realize and accept that little actions can change the society which can bring dramatic changes to their daily lives. We have to stop thinking that society is merely a big institution that we as â€Å"little people† can’t really do anything to bring about a change. We have to realize that we may be created and controlled by the social world, but at the same time we create the society. As I raise my children, I am going to try to raise them as individuals rather than a boy and a girl. As I meet people of different races, I am not only going to limit myself to Koreans and other Asians, rather I will try to get off from my comfort zone and be part of different groups of people. These things may not be easy as it sounds because of beliefs that society has already formed in my head, however, I am going to try to stay open-minded and that society can indeed change if we all become aware of each of our own sociological imaginations. Research Papers on The Sociologically Imagined Self - Sociology EssayInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New Employees19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyTrailblazing by Eric AndersonRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andMind TravelThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseThe Effects of Illegal Immigration

Battle of Stirling Bridge in the Wars of Scottish Independence

Battle of Stirling Bridge in the Wars of Scottish Independence The Battle of Stirling Bridge was part of the First War of Scottish Independence. William Wallaces forces were victorious at Stirling Bridge on September 11, 1297. Armies Commanders Scotland William WallaceAndrew de Moray300 cavalry, 10,000 infantry England John de Warenne, 7th Earl of SurreyHugh de Cressingham1,000 to 3,000 cavalry, 15,000-50,000 infantry Background In 1291, with Scotland embroiled in a succession crisis following the death King Alexander III, the Scottish nobility approached King Edward of England and asked him to oversee the dispute and administer the outcome. Seeing an opportunity to expand his power, Edward agreed to settle the matter but only if he were made feudal overlord of Scotland. The Scots attempted to sidestep this demand by replying that as there was no king, there was no one to make such a concession. Without further addressing this issue, they were willing to allow Edward to oversee the realm until a new king was determined. Assessing the candidates, the English monarch selected the claim of John Balliol who was crowned in November 1292. Though the matter, known as the Great Cause, had been resolved, Edward continued to exert power and influence over Scotland. Over the next five years, he effectively treated Scotland as a vassal state. As John Balliol was effectively compromised as king, control of most state affairs passed to 12-man council in July 1295. That same year, Edward demanded that Scottish nobles provide military service and support for his war against France. Refusing, the council instead concluded the Treaty of Paris which aligned Scotland with France and commenced the Auld Alliance. Responding to this and a failed Scottish attack on Carlisle, Edward marched north and sacked Berwick-upon-Tweed in March 1296. Continuing on, English forces routed Balliol and the Scottish army at the Battle of Dunbar the following month. By July, Balliol had been captured and forced to abdicate and the majority of Scotland had been subjugated. In the wake of the English victory, a resistance to Edwards rule began which saw small bands of Scots led by individuals such as William Wallace and Andrew de Moray commence raiding the enemys supply lines. Having success, they soon gained support from Scottish nobility and with growing forces liberated much of the country north of the Firth of Forth. Concerned about the growing rebellion in Scotland, the Earl of Surrey and Hugh de Cressingham moved north to put down the revolt. Given the success at Dunbar the previous year, English confidence was high and Surrey expected a short campaign. Opposing the English was a new Scottish army led by Wallace and Moray. More disciplined than their predecessors, this force had been operating in two wings and united to meet the new threat. Arriving in the Ochil Hills overlooking the River Forth near Stirling, the two commanders awaited the English army. The English Plan As the English approached from the south, Sir Richard Lundie, a former Scottish knight, informed Surrey about a local ford that would allow sixty horsemen to cross the river at once. After conveying this information, Lundie asked permission to take a force across the ford to flank the Scottish position. Though this request was considered by Surrey, Cressingham managed to convince him to attack directly across the bridge. As Edward Is treasurer in Scotland, Cressingham wished to avoid the expense of prolonging the campaign and sought avoid any actions that would cause a delay. The Scots Victorious On September 11, 1297, Surreys English and Welsh archers crossed the narrow bridge but were recalled as the earl had overslept. Later in the day, Surreys infantry and cavalry began crossing the bridge. Watching this, Wallace and Moray restrained their troops until a sizable, but beatable, English force had reached the north shore. When approximately 5,400 had crossed the bridge, the Scots attacked and swiftly encircled the English, gaining control of the north end of the bridge. Among those who were trapped on the north shore was Cressingham who was killed and butchered by the Scottish troops. Unable to send sizable reinforcements across the narrow bridge, Surrey was forced to watch his entire vanguard be destroyed by Wallace and Morays men. One English knight, Sir Marmaduke Tweng, managed to fight his way back across the bridge to the English lines. Others discarded their armor and attempted to swim back across the River Forth. Despite still having a strong force, Surreys confidence was destroyed and he ordered the bridge destroyed before retreating south to Berwick. Seeing Wallaces victory, the Earl of Lennox and James Stewart, the High Steward of Scotland, who been supporting the English, withdrew with their men and joined the Scottish ranks. As Surrey pulled back, Stewart successfully attacked the English supply train, hastening their retreat. By departing the area, Surrey abandoned the English garrison at Stirling Castle, which eventually surrendered to the Scots. Aftermath Impact Scottish casualties at the Battle of Stirling Bridge were not recorded, however they are believed to have been relatively light. The only known casualty of the battle was Andrew de Moray who was injured and subsequently died of his wounds. The English lost approximately 6,000 killed and wounded. The victory at Stirling Bridge led to the ascent of William Wallace and he was named Guardian of Scotland the following March. His power was short-lived, as he was defeated by a King Edward I and a larger English army in 1298, at the Battle of Falkirk.

Constructing an Inductive Theory in Sociology

Constructing an Inductive Theory in Sociology There are two approaches to constructing a theory: inductive theory construction and deductive theory construction. Inductive theory construction takes place during inductive research in which the researcher first observes aspects of social life and then seeks to discover patterns that may point to relatively universal principles. Field research, in which the researcher observes the events as they take place, is often used to develop inductive theories. Erving Goffman is one social scientist that is known for using field research to uncover rules of many diverse behaviors, including living in a mental institution and managing the â€Å"spoiled identity† of being disfigured. His research is an excellent example of using field research as a source of inductive theory construction, which is also commonly referred to as grounded theory. Developing an inductive, or grounded, theory generally follows the following steps: Research design: Define your research questions and the main concepts and variables involved.Data collection: Collect data for your study using any of the various methods (field research, interviews, surveys, etc.)Data ordering: Arrange your data chronologically to facilitate easier data analysis and examination of processes.Data analysis: Analyze your data using methods of your choosing to look for patterns, connections, and significant findings.Theory construction: Using the patterns and findings from your data analysis, develop a theory about what you discovered.Literature comparison: Compare your emerging theory with the existing literature. Are there conflicting frameworks, similar frameworks, etc.? References Babbie, E. (2001). The Practice of Social Research: 9th Edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Thomson.

The Law of Contract Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

The Law of Contract - Essay Example It is the incumbent on the employer to prove that the employee's absence or incapacity was of such a nature that further performance of his obligations in the future would be either impossible or a thing radically different from that undertaken by him to perform. The doctrine of frustration applies in the same way when a workman is physically or mentally incapacitated. In such cases, the workman would be entitled to be paid termination benefits under the Regulations 4 of the Employment (Termination And Lay-Off Benefits) Regulation 1980 and all statutory benefits due to him under the relevant legislation. Therefore, illness of an employee may operate to determine the contract if the illness is such as to interfere materially with the proper performance of the contract. On the other hand, a mere temporary illness will not so materially affect the employee's ability give personal service and, therefore, will not entitle the employer to dismiss the employee. The court affirmed that it was only in the case of a very serious sickness which may be considered as an event sufficiently fundamental to frustrate the contract and to give the employer the right to immediately dismiss the employee concerned on the grounds of disability. The incapacity or illness should not be temporary, but it should be serious and prolonged that the employee cannot be expected to perform his duties in the foreseeable future. In such circumstances, the employer has the right to terminate the employee's services. ... which may be considered as an event sufficiently fundamental to frustrate the contract and to give the employer the right to immediately dismiss the employee concerned on the grounds of disability. The incapacity or illness should not be temporary, but it should be serious and prolonged that the employee cannot be expected to perform his duties in the foreseeable future. In such circumstances, the employer has the right to terminate the employee's services. However, terminating the services of any employee while he is still on sick leave is an unfair labour practice. In the case of employee under police detention/custody, it is settled law that detention by police is a reasonable excuse to be absent from work. It is the finding of the court that absence from work due to arrest by police without any fault of the claimant is not misconduct and should not lead to his dismissal by applying provisions of S.13 (2) and S.15 (2) of the Employment Act 1955.In any event simply not being present at work is not per se a frustrating event, especially the time concerned was of short duration. If the company relies on the frustration of contract, it is for the company to establish that the employee's absence was of such duration that further performance of his obligations in the future is impossible. Thus, a contract of service may be frustrated if it is established that the nature of work so performed is critical to the operation of the company and the absence of the employee concerned is of a duration or nature that further performance of his duties under his contract of service in future would be impossible. The critical nature of work performed in relation to company's operational requirements

How Saturated the DVD Market Has Become Case Study

How Saturated the DVD Market Has Become - Case Study Example The future development of the market will mainly depend on innovation; the company who manages to come up with new things will become the market leader. Blue-ray discs may not perform well because the blue ray players are quite expensive, people may be reluctant to buy blue ray players at a hefty price. It will also be great if companies can offer more space in a disc, it again comes down to innovation and reliability. Making a disc with more space is really difficult; the durability of the disc is another important factor. People will surely buy these discs if they can offer more space and if they are durable. Everything is becoming HD these days so it is important to make discs which can hold and play HD quality movies at a decent speed. Making scratch free discs is also a good idea to lure more customers into buying these modern day discs. These are some really important points which can give a company an edge and have an edge over others is always beneficial and profitable.   The blue-laser process is common to both the DVD types; the protection of the disc has been shrunk by the Blue-ray developers. HD discs have more capacity and a better scope of watching HD videos and other related content. The HD DVD format has not been altered much, the protective layer has not been meddled with and it has been left as it was. HD DVD is the next big thing there are no two ways about this, the picture quality is impeccable and a normal DVD can never match HD DVD but everything comes down to price. HD DVDs are way too expensive and not too many people would be willing to buy it. Normal DVDs can score over HD DVDs when it comes to price. If I were the manager of Toshiba I would employ the strategy of market penetration, similar products already exist in the market hence this strategy must be employed. Blue–Ray DVDs are way too expensive; I would cut down profits and make HD DVDs cheaper.

Evaluation of Hilton Hotel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Evaluation of Hilton Hotel - Essay Example This work tends to explain some of the services offered by the company as well application of special evaluation techniques to ascertain some of its weaknesses and the provide solutions for such limitations. Human factor, as far as service performance is concerned, forms one of the basic areas to gauge a certain hotel. Hotel service evaluation is more subjective because it depends on opinions of several customers as well staff, and this might vary depending on individuals taste or preference. However, currently there are standard evaluation tools which produce a generalized result. Such evaluation tools are SERVQUAL and walk-through audit among others. In specific, the following discourse focuses on the hotel’s presence in the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom offers a strategic market for Hilton. It contributes significantly to the clientele base of the hotel globally. One of the most amazing facts is the way the hotels blend in the local serene environment. For instance, th e London hotel has a bar which directly overlooks the Hyde park. Consequently, when one is in the bar, one gets to sight the Hyde park. This is just an example of how strategic the Hotels in the UK are placed. (D'ANNUNZIO-GREEN, 2004). The cultural as well as the historical position of London, for instance, makes the United Kingdom a leading tourist destination site. Consequently, the Hilton hotels in the region stand better chances in terms of revenue collection. Their profitability relies on how effective is the president of the hotels in the region planning to maintain their status. It is also important to acknowledge competitors like Lowry hotel in Manchester (Porter & Prince, 2010) Every customer will always have different opinion with regard to the satisfactions of the hotel services. This would depend on the staff hospitality, behaviour, experiences, and responsibility among other traits to do with the staff. Furthermore, facility’s communication strategies, safety, av ailability, and accessibility would determine the suitability of a hotel (Spector, 2005). The Hilton hotel is one of the largest tourist hotels in the region. In the current generation, tourists have greater expectations with regard to the quality of hotel services. In London, the hotel is in Westminster as well as West End. Therefore, in a bid to retain its clients, it ought to maintain the levels of quality services provided. The UK market is quite dynamic in terms of service provision in the hotel industry. The hotel management system is a dynamic system since it keeps changing with customers’ preferences. Humans like new fancy things, hence customers will always flock hotels with advanced amenities in transport, communication, entertainments and catering among other areas of service in such hotels. By conforming to the current trends, the Hilton hotels in the UK would likely perform better financially. Hilton hotel departmental managers have the role to listen to the clie nts and do as they wish to attract and maintain more customers. I would say this is not an easy task due to the fact that the majority of tourists or customers come from different countries or cities with different cultures, beliefs and style among other aspects. Furthermore, it would be expensive and time consuming to treat each customer according to his or her

What theory do you believe best explains why Organized Crime has Essay

What theory do you believe best explains why Organized Crime has flourished and why Please be very specific - Essay Example In addition to this statement, he also stated that a certain criminal activity is undertaken by any human being after making a rational decision or in simple terms, the benefits and drawbacks of the decision is highlighted before actually committing the criminal act by the person. The theory of choice explains that a criminal takes part in any negative act by judging the advantages and disadvantages of the crime and if the benefits are higher in any regard from the drawbacks then the criminal idea will actually transforms into reality by becoming the part of it (Walker, 2007, p.117). For instance: if the criminal considers that the criminal rules and justice system is not strong and related authorities are not highly concerned about the crime then ultimately he concludes that he will not get the exemplary punishment even after committing the most abhorrent crime. This thought will make him perform the negative acts in actual. Similar is the case with abductors and they use the same c hoice theory. For instance: According to abductors, the only major risk involved in kidnapping is of being caught that can be minimized by threatening the family of the abducted individual not to inform the criminal justice authorities or else they will kill the kidnapped

The influence of presentation format on sentence processing Essay Example for Free

The influence of presentation format on sentence processing Essay This study investigates the effect of sentence presentation format for optimal processing and takes into account previous research on the way in which people/readers/parsers parse and comprehend sentences. The study included 29 native speakers of English, who were presented with a cohort of sentences each comprising a verb that could be transitive or intransitive but designed as Late Closure sentences to elicit transitive readings or Early Closure sentences to elicit intransitive readings. Results initially adhered to Late Closure in that Late Closure sentences were read faster than Early Closure sentences but further analysis proved that page presentation and line breaks had an impact on the Early and Late Closure sentences which impacted on the readers comprehension and thus posits that initial parsing is not based solely on syntactic rules but includes other factors such as punctuation, which in this case is represented by line break presentation. Introduction Language is complex and sentences in natural languages are usually highly ambiguous and can be interpreted in many ways, but despite this complexity sentence comprehension seems to be easily and quickly achieved. When reading a sentence the sounds (or letters) have to be grouped into words or morphemes and meaning needs to be retrieved for those words or morphemes, syntactic information must be sought, analysed and integrated into syntactic structure, and semantic interpretation also needs to be designated; this process is called parsing, and it is the way in which parsing is undertaken that is of particular interest to researchers. In other words how do people parse? Mitchell (1994:375) tells us that although a great deal of research questions on the issue of sentence interpretation have been derived from an assortment of conceptual classifications, the chief inspiration has been Chomsky’s generative linguistics and his use of tree diagrams and phrase structure rules, which provide a basis from where to determine the different roles of people and objects within the sentence. The main problem however, â€Å"is to determine how people convert a string of words into something like a tree diagram to represent the structure of the sentence† (Mitchell, 1994:376). Do they make an immediate guess about where the current word goes, even if it turns out to be wrong or do they wait until they know for sure before they decide on the syntactic structure of the whole sentence? Parker and Riley (2005:252) tell us that much â€Å"of the research in language processing has been concerned with how people resolve syntactic ambiguity† and that ambiguity can be observed in a ‘garden path sentence,† wherein the sentence appears to have one structure but later it turns out to have another. As in the Garden Path Model adopted by Frazier (1987), many researchers suggest or take for granted that when confronted with structural ambiguity readers cope by following one analysis or interpretation. Frazier (1987) also adopted the core principles – Minimal Attachment and Right Attachment from Frazier and Fodor’s (1978, 1980) Sausage Machine approach to explaining parsing preferences. Frazier (1987:9-10), however, reformulated these principles, wherein Minimal Attachment accounts for the strategy used when putting new words into syntactic trees by using as simple a syntactic structure as possible, and Late Closure strategy replaces Right Attachment and accounts for continually adding new words to a syntactic constituent instead of locating another place for them if they are grammatically acceptable, while prolonging the closure of that syntactic constituent (clause or phrase). Thus, as in Frazier and Fodor’s Sausage Machine, Minimal Attachment makes sure the parser establishes the most straightforward structure in the first analysis of ambiguous sentences and Late Closure certifies that new elements are directly fixed to preceding data, thereby curtailing the likelihood of excessive workloads on memory. It is the fact that the Garden Path Theory (Frazier, 1987) regards syntactic processing as modular – automatic and based purely on the basis of structural information that has been the most controversial issue for researchers. Other researchers provide evidence that other factors such as referential pragmatics (Crain and Steedman, 1985), lexical semantics and plausibility (Mitchell 1987), lexical preference (Holmes, 1987), lexical frequency and combinatory idiosyncrasy (MacDonald, Pearlmutter and Seidenberg, 1994), and prosody (Warren, 1996) have a quantifying outcome on sentence comprehension and determining sentence ambiguity. Clifton, Frazier, and Connine (1984) conducted a study wherein sentences containing only verbs that are optionally transitive (some where a transitive reading and others where an intransitive reading is preferred) were presented to subjects, stopping after the first word following the verb for them to make lexical choices. Results showed that subjects acted more quickly when the word following the verb complemented its preferred argument than when it did not; thus giving proof for Clifton, Frazier and Connine that lexical information is accessed and used very quickly. Holmes (1987), Kennedy et al. (1989) and Ferreira and Henderson (1990), all investigated the issue of another kind of ambiguity. They tried to account for ambiguity in sentences where the verb can take a direct object or a complement and found that different verbs possess lexical preferences and thus prefer different kinds of complements and an NP following a verb could be taken as a direct object which could lead to a Garden Path when the second verb is read, or as a subject of the complement. In 1987 Mitchell conducted a study, results of which he interpreted as support for two stages in processing – a syntactic structure is built on the basis of major category information only – in the first stage and then more lexical information is used in the second stage to eliminate any incorrect attachments. Mitchell’s (1987) experiment gained support from an imitative study undertaken by Stowe (1989), using the same subject-paced word-by-word reading and an eye-tracking technique but results appear to contradict Mitchell’s findings and suggest that lexical information is used in the initial stage of parsing. Thus we find that research undertaken to determine how people parse is far from conclusive and there remains differing viewpoints as to whether other factors other than syntactic factors influence the comprehension of a text when parsing. This study sets out to investigate whether page format – presentation of sentences has any impact on time taken to parse and understand a sentence, in order to establish the best presentation for optimal processing, which would be relevant in advertising and education.

English-language films Essay Example for Free

English-language films Essay Working as a congressional page, I was given the ability to manage my academic success through my own initiative. Dealing with independence was a revealing experience for me, giving me new responsibilities and shaping my work ethics. I didn’t have my parents, now 5,000 miles away, to urge me to finish my homework or to nag about my less than perfect grades, and I couldn’t depend on the support of the teachers or counselor that I knew so well to look after my academic well-being. There was a realization that I was alone in my struggle to succeed and become a responsible student. This independence allowed me to take the situation into my own hands and to work out my own problems, knowing I was the dictator of my consequences and decisions. In this situation, I learned how to set my priorities, a skill that has taken me a step toward preparing for college. Knowing that education would provide the foundation for my future in college and beyond, I placed it at the top of my values, so even in the excitement of new friends and complete independence, I had to maintain it as my first priority. Though it proved difficult to discipline myself without support and accountability alone, I managed to succeed. I’d invite friends over to my room to study, and it eventually became a custom to for us hold study sessions in my room every Monday night and before test days. The entire night was devoted to completing our assignments, studying for exams, and tutoring each other. After the strenuous study session, we’d reward ourselves with a movie and light conversations. These study sessions were an efficient way in which I could balance two of my important priorities, friends and academics. Living on my own and balancing a hectic load of school, work, and dorm life, I gained insight in effectively managing my own time, which was essential in preparing myself for academic success. It wasn’t a rare occurrence for Congress to stay into the thick hours of the morning, debating over a controversial issue, such as the budget or immigration. During these nights, I was required to wait on congressman on the Floor and carry out errands late into the night. Working late did not give us amnesty from the school’s assignments, so we had to make the most use of whatever time we had. Working as a page obviously cut into the precious time I had to concentrate on my school work, forcing me to partition my time wisely. It became an unsaid rule for me to sign myself into an hour of study hall every week night, so that I wouldn’t be distracted by roommates or requests to go out. I had an excuse to delay my friends’ invitations to the movies or to the mall until I felt confident I could do my best on the pre-calculus or history test we would have on Friday. With my packed schedule, I spent my time wisely to get the most out of my experience in Washington, while maintaining my grades and academics. The independence that I was fortunate enough to experience for the first time exposed me to responsibilities has helped me to prepare for college. It has disciplined me to set my priorities and manage my time to be the most effective student possible. Like a young eagle learning to fly, I learned to steer myself in the right direction. And so, I landed a more prepared and experienced person.

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Sigmund Freud is psychology’s most famous figure. He is also the most controversial and influential thinkers of the twentieth century. Freud’s work and theories helped to shape out views of childhood, memory, personality, sexuality, and therapy. Time Magazine referred to him as one of the most important thinkers of the last century. While his theories have been the subject of debate and controversy, his impact on culture, psychology, and therapy is cannot be denied. Freud was born in May 6, 1856 in the Czech Republic. He attended Spurling Gymnasium. At Spurling, he was first in his class and graduated Summa Cum Laude. After studying medicine at the University of Vienna, he gained respect while working as a physician. Freud and a friend were introduced to a case study that resulted in no cause, but they found that having the patient talk about her experiences had a calming effect on the symptoms. That was considered to be the beginning of the study of psychology. Throughout Freud’s time, he came up with many different theories. One of his theories was Life and Death Instincts. This theory evolved throughout his life and work. He believed that these drives were responsible for much of behavior. He eventually came to believe that these life instincts alone couldn’t explain all human behavior. Freud then determined that all instincts fall into one of 2 major classes: the life instincts or the death instincts. Life instincts deal with basic survival, reproduction, and pleasure. Death instincts are apparent after people experience a traumatic event and they often reenact the experience. In Freud’s view, self-destructive behavior is an expression of the energy that is created by the death instincts. Another one of Freud’s theories ... ...a person’s repressed emotions and experiences. It’s commonly used to treat anxiety disorders and depression. (McLeod) Freud also created a number of different works during his lifetime. These works include The Interpretation of Dreams, The Psychopathology of Everyday Life, Totem and Taboo, Civilization and Its Discontents, and The Future is an Illusion. His personal favorite was The Interpretation of Dreams because he said that it contains the most valuable of all the discoveries it had been his good fortune to make. (Cherry) Personally, I believe that Sigmund Freud was a very in depth person. His theories seem to be very accurate and well thought out. Being one of the first people to study this subject, I feel like he set a really good example to other psychologists. He is very interesting to learn about and there is so much more that I don’t even know about him.

Exploring the Themes of Forgiveness and Reconciliation in The Tempest b

Exploring the Themes of Forgiveness and Reconciliation in The Tempest by William Shakespeare Prospero is a character that seems to stand at the very centre of The Tempest. Throughout the play, he prompts most of the action, and he has the last word. The entire plot of the play is a scheme designed by Prospero to bring his rivals to a state of regret so that he can pardon them and restore the rightful order of things to his dukedom of Milan. As Prospero is seen as being all-powerful over the island, he could easily destroy or punish his enemies by any method or means. However, he chooses not to and brings the past conspirators face-to- face with the sins of their past, which causes them to be repentant. In a god-like way, Prospero forgives each of them, allowing them to live and return to Italy. In appreciation, they promise to faithfully serve Prospero. It is a picture of full reconciliation, with the exception of Antonio. This shows that the theme of this play is the ?chain of forgiveness and reconciliation?, filled with religious overtones. The religious theme in this play may be shown by how Prospero exemplifies wisdom, justice, and super-human good judgement. In relation to the other characters, this may be argued to show a Christ -like representation of Prospero to the readers or audience of the play. The time when the play was written would mean an audience composed of Christians, who would have almost certainly agreed that forgiveness was essential. Like Jesus he is betrayed by his enemies. After he is stripped of his power, Prospero is then sent to die at sea; but he is almost miraculously raised from the near-dead due to the loving care of Gonzalo, who is a God-like figure due to his age, wisdom, kindness ... ...dy. Act five presents a climax, when Prospero confronts his enemies, brings them to repentance and forgives them. Those whowere though dead were discovered alive, a lost son id resorted to a joyous parent and Those who have committed offenses repent and are forgiven. The conclusion shows how the reconciliation is brought about. What isn't clear is whether Prospero intends from the beginning to forgive his old enemies or whether his mercy is a last-minute decision. Merinda and Ferdinand are blissfully wedded a and Prospero is restored his rightful position and plans to sail home. He also generously forgives those who have wronged him, proving that ?the rarer action is in virtue rather than vengeance? because he concentrates on the re-growth instead of revenge, Prospero proves the true nobility of his character, while allowing all the characters to better themselves.

Revolutionizing Elearning As Young Students Collaboratively Study Education Essay

With the altering life style in the society, how pupils live outside school becomes a challenge in bettering the educational system ; a process that has continuously evolved along with the promotion of scientific discipline and engineering. Gone were the yearss where school was thought to be a mere schoolroom and a instructor to educate immature heads, instead it besides includes modern installations, engineering, course of study and advanced instruction methods. Parents have now more options in taking the sort of instruction to give to their kids. But instruction per Se is besides sometimes defined depending on parents ‘ ability to pay, life style and even work agenda. This research aims to integrate the three factors that affect larning in the kingdom of modern society: the course of study, the method and the electronic platform. While larning system has endlessly been altering, the demand to supply more antiphonal and suiting learning bundle to immature scholars still exists. But are younger coevalss ready to travel for a full-online acquisition? Can you conceive of few old ages from now, school will no longer be schoolrooms but right at our ain place and the used-to be school edifice will be used to ease the face to confront socialisation of the immature scholars? Children will travel to ‘school ‘ to play with other childs and travel place ‘to continue larning ‘ though the aid of larning facilitators who could be parents, professional instructors or coachs and the usage of electronic platforms like computing machine, cyberspace and other engineerings. Learning at place is non a new manner of larning but it began since Renaissance epoch and modern instruction has acknowledged this as an option. One of the options offered by most private establishments is called homeschooling, a authoritative manner of larning but redefined with modified course of study, attack and oftentimes with the integrating of engineering. It is a untraditional manner of larning compared with common schoolroom acquisition, where a parent or coach or professional instructor act as a facilitator-consultant and a scholar stay at place to analyze. This construct was revived in the United States by John Holt ( 1964 ) who felt unhappy with the public school system and subsequently followed by Raymond Moore, a devout Christian and ex-missionary. For most developed states like the United States of America and the United Kingdom, homeschooling is patronized by parents for different grounds. Even for households who migrate abroad seek to happen the best place school for their kids as they still try to settle down or suit in with their working agenda and in the community. Homeschooling, an Alternate There were research surveies on the advantages and disadvantages of homeschooling to turning phase of kids and the socialisation facet is seen to be a common job. This may non be true to all particularly for parents who involve their kids with community activities and other particular involvement categories such as dance category, music, athleticss and others but these would be excess cost. How do most homeschooling ‘teach ‘ pupils at place? There are two types of homeschooling, foremost, parents buy faculties and stuffs and they themselves teach their kids or engage a coach to make it on their behalf ; and 2nd, parents enroll their kids to distance learning plans. Accredited homeschooling establishments have set their criterions to run into their state ‘s regulated course of study instruction as benchmark. Normally, the scholar or pupil takes standardized tests to be measured for an upgrade and/or earn his/her sheepskin. The distant acquisition could take to developing societal accomplishments of scholars. Socialization accomplishments play a important function in the society and if this facet is seen as one of the disadvantages of homeschooling, so possibly, it is non the homeschooling construct that affects the holistic development of kids but the learning procedure and attack. Revolutionizing How Children Learn This research survey focuses on place schooling teaching method in telecollaborative attack utilizing English as medium of direction and e-learning tools in instruction and acquisition. It aims to examine the effects of the said attack in replying the common diagnosed job in homeschooling which is the developing societal larning accomplishments of scholars due to remote or isolated and independent attack in larning. It besides aims to measure whether immature scholars are prepared to full-online larning utilizing engineering as tool while developing their cognitive, socio-affective and psychomotor spheres. Homeschooling in Asiatic States Why English Language? Although the survey focuses on the telecollaborative attack in homeschooling utilizing engineering as tools, English as the map linguistic communication is considered important in developing societal accomplishments as scholars are exposed to planetary practical community. The intense demand brought by the promotion of engineering and globalisation, reenforcing the usage of this linguistic communication has become one of the pushs of the Ministry of Education in many Asiatic states to get by with the altering gait of planetary economic system and learning.A But how long does it take for not native talkers attain English linguistic communication proficiency in academic context? In East Asia, kids learn their native linguistic communication non merely at place but even in schools since about all topics is taught in their native linguistic communication except for English lesson. English is the most studied foreign linguistic communication in the People ‘s Republic of China, Japan , South Korea and Taiwan ( Republic of China ) . In PR China, English is a needed linguistic communication get downing with the 3rd class, although the quality of direction varies greatly and most Chinese citizens do non talk it good. The survey of English is besides required in India, where it is used for official communicating. In Nepal, about all topics are taught in English, except for Nepali literature ( Modern Language, Wikipedia 2007 ) . In the Philippines, English linguistic communication has become the primary medium of direction and required to utilize to non less than 70 % of the clip allocation for all larning countries in all twelvemonth degrees ( Department of Education Order no. 36, Series 2006 ) . Based on the survey in the most successful school learning English as 2nd linguistic communication to pupils in California, the unwritten proficiency takes 3 to 5 old ages to develop, and academic English proficiency can take 4 to 7 old ages ( Hakuta, et.al 2000 ) . An premise was besides made by Epstein ( 1977 ) of Washington Post that linguistic communication acquisition depends on the gait on how English is introduced to a pupil under a bilingual plan. Another in deepness survey of 2nd linguistic communication acquisition was made by Van Lier ( 1998 ) where in his observation he wrote: Many of the early instance surveies of immature kids emphasized the successes of the 2nd linguistic communication acquisition procedure. The research workers frequently marveled at the celerity with which these immature kids learned to discourse in the 2nd linguistic communication, sometimes in a affair of months. These findings concur with the sentiments of the general population that larning linguistic communications is an easy and natural undertaking for immature kids. They merely ‘pick them up, ‘ as it were. However, when we look a little more closely at the inside informations of linguistic communication usage as reported in these instance surveies, we can see a few general forms emerge. In none of the instance surveies, whether of immature kids, striplings or grownups, are any important developments of complex grammar reported within the first twelvemonth, or even in the 2nd twelvemonth. Rather, all surveies speak of formulaic vocalizations, colloquial schemes, and a extremely simple codification. This simple codification is sufficient for mundane societal contact, and frequently gives the feeling of astonishing colloquial eloquence in these contexts, but it is non the elaborate, syntactically and lexically complex codification of the adept linguistic communication user. A A A A A A This gives us an feeling that colloquial proficiency in geting English as 2nd linguistic communication may non compare academic proficiency of the linguistic communication which is the basic kernel for success in formal establishments ( schools ) .A Immersion has been used as scheme in most Asiatic states like China, Korea, Japan, Malaysia Thailand and few selected metropoliss in the Philippines. However, the fact that one develops colloquial linguistic communication accomplishments, it still helps in set uping resonance as one builds societal web.Theoretical BackgroundTelecollaborative Approach refers to the method applied in the instructional design that involves scholars working with their equals in the schoolroom and with equals at a distance through on line or practical coaction. Telecollaborative came from two blended words: Tele means â€Å" at a distance † and Collaborate means â€Å" portion the labours † ( literally, â€Å" co-labor † ) ; â €Å" tele-collaborative † is a larning undertaking in which the participants â€Å" portion the labours † of larning â€Å" at a distance † through the assistance of information and communicating technology.A They may portion those labours through electronic mail, newsgroups, treatment forums or a figure of other online tools and larning environments. A A A A A A This instructional design is anchored on different larning theories, rules and surveies. A A A A A A Constructive Pedagogy is an attack based on premise that cognition is developed ( constructed ) by the person through actively take parting in the cognitive procedure, societal procedure and rational procedure. It, promotes a more open-ended acquisition experience where the methods and consequences of larning are non easy measured and may non be the same for each scholar ( Mergel, 1998 ) . Harmonizing to Smorgansboard ( 1997 ) , as influenced by other theoreticians like Bruner, Ulrick, Neiser, Goodman, Kant, Kuhn, Dewey, Habermas, and Jean Piaget, Constructivism creates real-world environment that employ the context in which acquisition is relevant ; focal points on realistic attacks to work outing real-world jobs ; provides tools and environments that help scholars construe the multiple positions of the universe ; displacements paradigm of the teacher to a manager and analyser of the schemes used to work out jobs ; stresses conceptual interrelation by supplying multiple representations or positions on the content ; negotiates and non imposes instructional ends and aims ; utilizes rating as a self-analysis tool ; and makes larning internally controlled and meditated by the learner.A A A A A A A Another larning theory aligned to constructivism is David Kolb ‘s theory known as Experiential Learning, foremost published in 1984 when his thoughts have had a dramatic impact on the design and development of womb-to-tomb larning models.A Harmonizing to his theory, experience is the beginning of larning. Kolb and Fry ( 1983 ) created celebrated theoretical account out of four elements: a. ) concrete experience, B. ) observation c. ) contemplation, and d. ) program, the formation of abstract constructs and proving in new state of affairss. The celebrated experiential larning circle patterned after Kurt Lewin ‘s, explores the cyclical form of all larning from Experience through Reflection and Conceptualizing to Action and on to AA farther Experience.A A A A A A A The 3rd theory considered by the research worker is Judith Harris ‘ Learning Framework. Harris ( 1998 ) is noted for her seminal activities in telecomputing where schoolrooms are connected worldwide through the assistance of internet entree. The activity constructions are interpersonal exchanges, information aggregation and job resolution. The research worker adopted the learning model of Judi Harris to enable scholars to associate with state of affairss within and outside their ain context, to pass on and to associate outside the schoolroom through the assistance of information and communicating engineering. A A A A Two surveies conducted were found to hold used one or two of the mentioned theories such as constructivism, experiential theories and telecomputing framework.A These involved different schemes in learning linguistic communication both in primary and in secondary schools.A Most of these schemes used engineering in learning particularly in developed states like United States of America and Europe. A A A Apple Classroom of Tomorrow ( ACOT ) of United States of America and Project Method in School Projects through E-Learning ( PROMISE ) of Europe conducted a separate survey about effectual schemes in learning English linguistic communication. A A A Harmonizing to the research conducted by Apple Classroom of Tomorrow ( ACOT, 1998 ) , the cardinal accomplishments of reading, authorship, and arithmetic remain the basiss of schooling and pupil acquisition. Surveies have shown that pupils with everyday entree to engineering larn these basic accomplishments faster and better when they have a opportunity to pattern them utilizing engineering and are more motivated to larn when engineering is portion of their day-to-day school experience. Surveies show that one time pupils become familiar with engineering, they rapidly develop proficiency in its usage. This opens up an exciting new universe of larning possibilities for them, and their possible for achievement skyrockets. Students gain new accomplishments and go familiar with new engineerings that will assist fix them for future success in an progressively technological universe. Even the most basic tools can assist immature scholars become more productive. A A A Researchers involved in the Apple Classrooms of Tomorrow undertaking revealed that third-grade pupils found it easier to compose with a keyboard than with a pencil or a pen. Because authorship was easier, they wrote more. By composing more, they learned to compose better. Their battle to larning undertakings with engineering led them to this betterment. As a consequence, they spend more clip acquisition and practising the basic undertakings than pupils who approach the same undertakings in a traditional paper-and-pencil mode. A A A A A A In Europe, K. Antilla, M.A Erickson and S. Holme-Larsen conducted Project Method in School Projects through E-Learning ( PROMISE, 2005 ) .A They found out that many of the participants of the computing machine supported job based acquisition were positive about the technological attack. They said that the pupils love to make computing machine supported collaborative undertaking work because it was different from how they usually work.A The merchandise orientation was non what attracted the kids, but the procedure of larning on how to happen information and how to make the research.A However, the troubles on the lingual and cultural facets of communicating with aliens were the important barriers on this project.A Many respondents found that the deficiency of personal lingual competency was a heavy barrier, whereas professional educational facets such as instruction, acquisition, pupils ‘ function in the schoolroom pattern less of import. Several participants declare that their over all feeling was that their pupils were happy to take part in multinational computing machine supported collaborative acquisition ( CSCL ) undertakings. They considered it as a benefit and gave new inspiration to instructors and pupils who were involved in such undertakings. A A A A A A Both ACOT and PROMISE stated that engineering played as an of import subscriber in learning scholars to compose, read and even work with equals. However, what were emphasized were non the technological facets entirely but the procedure involved utilizing engineering as tools in learning pupils made them execute better.A Although diverseness in linguistic communication, civilization, and deficiency of engineering tools in some countries became barriers in Europe, still the acquisition undertakings were found to be good. A A A A A A The 4th theory considered for this survey was Mc Grath ‘s Mentoring Framework, a model that directs wise man or the instructor to take the propositional cognition of the mentees or the pupils to procedural cognition through providing, taking or demoing. It process scholars to go brooding practicians of cognition. The terminal end of this model is to do scholars skilled in using their acquisition at the terminal of the procedure. This model was adopted in the National English Proficiency Program of Department of Education in 2003. It was a mentoring plan designed for instructors to better their presentation and treatment accomplishments, art of oppugning and giving of undertaking instructions accomplishments. A A A A A A The last theory considered and found to be the baseline of the theoretical model is the Social Network Theory where a map of all of the relevant ties between the nodes is being studied ( Barnes, 1954 ) .A This theory refuted the traditional sociological surveies where single attributes matter more than the relationship. Alternatively it was the antonym, where relationship ties matter most and where single attributes affair less ( Burkhardt, 1994 ) .A A A A A A A With the promotion of engineering, societal networking engineerings play an of import portion in pupil motive, keeping and learning-especially in distributed acquisition environments. Social networking engineerings and media are of import tools because of their ability to further interaction and communicating between pupils. This is particularly of import in on-line acquisition communities, where pupils may hold limited face-to-face clip to construct a support web with their equals ( Baird, 2005 ) and homeschooling is one of the authoritative illustrations. A A A A A A Derek Baird wrote that a cardinal component of a societal web engineering like Flickr was its uniqueness on its platform design.A Online coaction and community are interwoven as chief constituents. Though it was non originally designed for instruction, it was found to be utile. Baird said that one of the chief booby traps of presenting new engineering into the schoolroom ( on-line or otherwise ) is the hazard of holding the engineering frustrate the user to the point that it distracts them from their original acquisition end. Apec Cyber Academy Program, Taking IT Global, ejournals and other educational online site are some illustration of societal web tools that areA of import because their ease-of-use allows the pupil to maintain his/her focal point on geting new accomplishments, constructing on bing cognition while at the same clip developing authorship, package, and beef uping societal ties within their learning circle. A A A A A A An application of societal web theory was studied by Kern, R. and Warschauer, M. ( 2000 ) where they presented the development of linguistic communication learning utilizing computing machine. In their paper, they presented the theories behind the computing machine assisted linguistic communication acquisition ( CALL ) and the development of network-based linguistic communication instruction ( NBLT ) as one signifier of CALL.A Harmonizing to the writers, NBLT is linguistic communication learning that involves the usage of computing machines connected to one another in either local or planetary webs. Whereas CALL has traditionally been associated with self-contained, programmed applications such as tutorials, drills, simulations, instructional games, trials, and so on. It represents a new and different side of CALL, where human-to-human communicating is the focal point. Language scholars with entree to the Internet, for illustration, can now potentially communicate with na tive talkers ( or other linguistic communication scholars ) all over the universe 24 hours a twenty-four hours, seven yearss a hebdomad, from school, place, or work. Learners can pass on either on a one-to-one or a many-to-many footing in local-area web conferences and farther multiplies their chances for communicative pattern. Finally, the fact that computer-mediated communicating occurs in a written, electronically-archived signifier gives pupils extra chances to be after their discourse and to detect and reflect on linguistic communication usage in the messages they compose and read. A A A A A A However, still instructors remained disbelieving in the usage of this scheme ( Cotton, 1995 ) . As footing, few research surveies have been conducted as to computing machine and linguistic communication acquisition. Some illustration of this was the academic study of instructional usage of engineering in 1995. It showed that 59 % of foreign linguistic communication plans and 65 % of ESL plans used no signifier of computing machine engineering in their classs and puting linguistic communication instruction at the underside of the list of academic countries surveyed. A A A A A A In this survey, the reappraisal of NBLT of Carla Meskill ‘s and Krassimira Ranglova ‘s research ( 2000 ) on the execution of new technology-enhanced English as Foreign Language ( EFL ) instruction in Bulgaria was cited. Meskill and Ranglova showed that the usage of computing machine webs was portion of a broader conceptualisation of the linguistic communication plan that resulted in a more â€Å" socio-collaborative † attack to acquisition, a greatest illustration of the fact that engineering is non merely a machine, or even merely the usage of a machine, but instead a wide signifier of societal organisation. Part of the reappraisal is the sum-up of findings on how engineering, content affair, and activities were integrated in the literature-based course of study through the usage of audio tape, harmony plans and manner draughtss, word processing, and email coactions. In their findings, pupils under NBLT significantly gained higher in reading, vocabular y, grammar and authorship. A A A A A A Teachers reported that the new course of study required pupils and instructors likewise to radically change their apprehension of what it is to larn a linguistic communication. Because of the cardinal displacement in position required by the new course of study, teachers reported an initial daze followed by gradual and favourable accommodation to this new independent and participatory manner of larning. Likewise, instructors felt their ain accommodation experience, though ab initio rather hard, eased by the instantly discernable benefits reaped by their pupils. A A A A A A Students reported a really enthusiastic response to the new course of study. They reported this â€Å" response-based † attack to literature affecting email exchanges with American university pupils to be highly helpful in footings of motive, assurance, and overall English linguistic communication development. Interestingly, though non alone in the literature, merely half of the pupils found the equal redacting component of the course of study helpful. A A A A A A Cited surveies provided grounds for the viability of computing machine engineerings as tools to back up linguistic communication larning ends and the socio-collaborative procedure. It is believed that through these theories, Constructivism, Experiential Learning, Telecomputing, Mentoring Frameworks and Social Network Theory, scholars in Asia under homeschooling plan would go socially adjusted and academically developed as other pupils in a regular school plans.Research AimsThis research aims to examine the followers: Readiness of immature scholars for full-on-line acquisition Effectiveness of telecollaborative attack in advancing critical, brooding and societal accomplishments Effectiveness and functionality of the e-platformsSignificance of the StudyTechnology has been portion of our turning modern society. Using it to the full benefits of every citizen begins with the right instruction that we provide to our younger coevals. How we gear them to take our future civilisation is every bit important as gestating the appropriate acquisition teaching method and tools that pedagogues use before really implementing it in the acquisition procedure. Hence, this survey considers the possible important effects of full online larning through homeschooling plans and prepares responsible stakeholders for its possible effects to avoid any inauspicious possibilities from repeating in the hereafter.Research MethodologyA A A A A A The research worker will utilize Experimental and Qualitative Research as methods. A qualitative research is a method in which the research worker attempts to analyze of course happening phenomena in all their complexness ( Fraenkel and Wallen, 1 998 ) .ProceduresA A A A A A The respondents are selected in-between school pupils ages 10-12 from Taiwan and the Philippines. The survey period is divided into three major phases: Preparation of course of study and rating tools, e-platform and schemes ; Actual experiment phase ; and Evaluation and Analysis. Below is the research undertaking ‘s mileposts and mark period.Research Target Milestone and Time Frame: 2 Old agesPhaseTIME FRAMEMilestone1st 2 months Datas Gathering Homeschooling in Taiwan and in the Philippines Standard Curriculum and Assessment Ministry of Education ‘s School Policies Respondents 2 months Curriculum Design and Assessment Tools Preparation ( placing specific larning aims and topics to be used ) 6 months E-Platform Design and other Technology Tools Preparation 1 month Random Sampling and Test of E-tools 2 hebdomads Concluding Choice of Respondents 2nd 8 months ( within the school twelvemonth of the respondents ‘ states ) Experiment Phase 8 months Datas Gathering 3rd These phases are inclusive of the experiment period where there will be an on-going analysis until it reached the concluding decision and presentation. Datas Analysis Evaluation Consultation Pulling of Conclusion Research Final Presentation

“Hurricane Hits England” By Grace Nichols and “Storm on the Island” Essay

â€Å"Hurricane Hits England† about a hurricane that came across from the Caribbean and hit the South coast of England (Sussex). In 1987 the poem takes place at night and follows the poet, Grace Nichols, as she talks and questions the hurricane like it were an old friend. â€Å"Storm on the lsland† is set on the top of a cliff on a barren island off the coast of Ireland. It describes the storm and how the village people are prepared for it and have built there houses â€Å"squat†. This shows that there are storms there frequently and it also speaks of no â€Å"trees† to avoid falling branches. â€Å"Storm on the Island† is written in blank verse. This reflects the crashing motion of the storm. It was often used by Shakespeare because it sounds like spoken English, this makes the poet sound like he his talking to the reader. However â€Å"Hurricane Hits England† is written in free verse which gives the poem a relaxed feel. Also breaking it up in to stanza lets you see how the mood changes throughout the poem from questioning, to understanding. â€Å"Come to break the frozen lake within me† the â€Å"frozen lake† being her sense of belonging and home. By not using an article before the title Heaney makes it sound blunt and gives a sense that he is not just talking about one storm in particular but many. To create drama Heaney writes the poem in present tense. Enjambment is used to create the surprise a storm would give â€Å"when it blows full / Blast† like a gust of wind suddenly â€Å"Blasting† in at the start of a new line. Despite the confident start Heaney admits to being scared of the storm â€Å"it is a huge nothing we fear.† Whereas in the first stanza of Nichols’ uses a very effective metaphor to describe the hurricane â€Å"howling ship of the wind† this creates a ghost like quality to the hurricane this is later backed up by the word â€Å"spectre†. The view of the hurricane changes from stanza to stanza. In the third stanza Nichols questions the like it were an â€Å"old friend. The mood is then saddened when Nichols describes roots as â€Å"cratered graves†. The island is described as â€Å"Wizened† which at first conjures thoughts of a desolate and barren landscape. â€Å"There are no stacks† suggests there are no crops, but as the hurricane is introduced the view of the island has been change and maybe it’s not just the ground that is â€Å"Wizened† but also the villagers. The fact the villagers are prepared for the storm is emphasised more so by the lack of trees. He uses the imagery of a â€Å"tame cat / Turned savage† because the sea is usually calm a gentle but can become violent and angry. The fact this is spread over two lines is to use the pause between them as the quiet before the storm. The military theme is carried on when he uses words like â€Å"dives†, â€Å"strafes†, â€Å"salvos† and â€Å"bombardments† to show the distructive power of the storm. While the storm in â€Å"Hurricane Hits England† is show to be an actual person or a one point a God this is meant show that Nichols has not rejected her culture and is still capable of seeing things in terms of her native culture. The poet’s heart is â€Å"unchained† by the hurricane which breaks â€Å"†¦the frozen lake in me.† There is a clear implication that she has felt trapped in England and by riding the hurricane (a global event, of course) she finds her freedom. Heaney’s poem is written in a repetitive and confident way and by using blank verse it reflects his mood that he will survive the storm. Although this changes throughout the poem, halfway through he uses phrases like â€Å"the thing you fear† and â€Å"exploding comfortably† to portray he is scared. While Nichols’ writes in free and open way which reflect her past in the Caribbean to show this she uses the words â€Å"the earth is the earth† The final lines of â€Å"Hurricane Hits England† are a plea for multiculturalism and a pride in one’s own culture. The poet has realised that she can only be free and happy in England if she stops yearning for her own culture and accepts that, that culture is a part of her: she brought it to England with her just as the hurricane has brought a feeling of the Caribbean to England. This is unlike the ideas in â€Å"Storm on the Island† which concern our uneasy relationship to powerful natural forces and the feelings of vulnerability and fear. That we feel in the face of the potentially destructive powers of a storm.

Family Portrait Essay

My great-grandmother, who is ninety-five years old, recently sent me a photograph of herself that I had never seen before. While cleaning out the attic of her Florida home, she came across a studio portrait she had taken about a year before she married my great-grandfather. This picture of my great-grandmother as a twenty-year-old girl and the story behind it have fascinated me from the moment I began to consider it. The young woman in the picture has a face that resembles my own in many ways. Her face is a bit more oval than mine, but the softly waving brown hair around it is identical. The small, straight nose is the same model I was born with. My great-grandmother’s mouth is closed, yet there is just the slightest hint of a smile on her full lips. I know that if she had smiled, she would have shown the same wide grin and down-curving â€Å"smile lines† that appear in my own snapshots. The most haunting feature in the photo, however, is my great-grandmother’s eyes. They are an exact duplicate of my own large, dark brown ones. Her brows are plucked into thin lines, which are like two pencil strokes added to highlight those fine, luminous eyes. I’ve also carefully studied the clothing and jewelry in the photograph. Although the photo was taken seventy-five years ago, my great-grandmother is wearing a blouse and skirt that could easily be worn today. The blouse is made of heavy eggshell-colored satin and reflects the light in its folds and hollows. It has a turned-down cowl collar and smocking on the shoulders and below the collar. The smocking (tiny rows of gathered material) looks hand-done. The skirt, which covers my great-grandmother’s calves, is straight and made of light wool or flannel. My great-grandmother is wearing silver drop earrings. They are about two inches long and roughly shield-shaped. On her left wrist is a matching bracelet. My great-grandmother can’t find this bracelet now, despite our having spent hours searching through the attic for it. On the third finger of her left hand is a ring with a large, square-cut stone. The story behind the picture is as interesting to me as the young woman it captures. Great-Grandmother, who was earning twenty-five dollars a week as a file clerk, decided to give her boyfriend (my great-grandfather) a picture of herself. She spent almost two weeks’ salary on the skirt and blouse, which she bought at a fancy  department store downtown. She borrowed the earrings and bracelet from her older sister, Dorothy. The ring she wore was a present from another young man she was dating at the time. Great-Grandmother spent another chunk of her salary to pay the portrait photographer for the hand-tinted print in old-fashioned tones of brown and tan. Just before giving the picture to my great-grandfather, she scrawled at the lower left, â€Å"Sincerely, Beatrice.† When I study this picture, I react in many ways. I think about the trouble that my great-grandmother went to in order to impress the young man who was to be my great-grandfather. I laugh when I look at the ring, which was probably worn to make him jealous. I smile at the serious, formal inscription my great-grandmother used at this stage of the budding relationship. Sometimes, I am filled with a mixture of pleasure and sadness when I look at this frozen long-ago moment. It is a moment of beauty, of love, and—in a way—of my own past.

Supply chain management of Walmart

We also express the depth of my appreciation to our honorable course teacher for her suggestion and guidelines, which helped us in completing this report. Letter of Transmittal November 19, 2014 Famish Skater Nip, Lecturer, Department of Management Studies, Jonathan University, Dacha. Us abject: Submission of Report on â€Å"Supply Chain Management Systems of Wall- Mare. Dear Madam, We are the student of Department of Management studies, Jonathan University, Dacha and also from the group named â€Å"Dazzle†.A report was given to us by you on â€Å"Supply Chain Management Systems offal-Mart†for submitting. We are really happy to have such a challenging and interesting report like this and we also feel to say â€Å"thank you† to you for making us worthy for corporate. During the preparation of this report we learn something very extra in practical which will be very helpful for us in future. There were some obstacles we have faced at the time of preparing this rep ort. But we have overcome all the obstacles by the endeavor effort by each member of our group.We had taken at most care to present this report and this report has been excellent outlet for combining theoretical and practical aspect. We are really grateful to you for giving us such a great job & opportunity like this to prove our ability in making a quality report. We had limitations at the time of preparing this report. So mistakes may occur in preparing this report. We hope you Will take our mistakes forgivingly. Yours Sincerely, On behalf of the group Sec: A Jonathan university, Dacha Table of Contents Chapter Topics page No.Chapter-I Executive Summery 8 Introduction 9 Objectives of the Study 10 Methodology Chapter-2 Supply chain management 12-14 Functions of Supply Chain Management 14 About Wall-Mart 15-16 Wall-Mart at a glance 16-17 Strategic Position 18 Wall-Mart's Supply Chain Description 20-23 Wall-Mart's Business Processes 24 procurement and Distribution 25-26 Logistics Man agement 26-27 Company Supply Chain Strategy 28 Company Supply Chain Effectiveness 29-30 Future Work and Discussion 30-31 Chapter-3 Recommendation 33 Conclusion 34 References 5 CHAPTER- ONE Wall-Mart is one of the leading Fortune 500 companies, which is spread across the globe.It is perhaps the largest retail chain which deals with everything from food to consumer electronics. Supply chain management has been the foundation to Wall-Mart's success and remains their chief competitive advantage in the retail/department store industry. Wall-Mart is in the business of selling everything customers need in their everyday lives. Wall-Mart was divided into three business segments: Wall-Mart stores, Cam's Clubs, and the International Division.Their distribution system is generally regarded as the cost efficient and they have an approach to supply chain management that has long emphasized visibility through the sharing of information with their suppliers. Wall-Mart was one of the largest privat e sector employers in the world, with employee strength of approximately 1. 28 million. Supply chain management is moving the right items to the right customer at the right time by the most efficient means. No one does that better than Wall-Mart. Wall- Mart always emphasized the need to reduce its purchasing costs and offer the best price to its customers.The company procured goods directly from manufacturers, bypassing all intermediaries. Wall-Mart was a tough negotiator on prices and finalized a purchase deal only when it was fully confident that the products being bought were not available elsewhere at a lower price. Supply chain management (SCM) is â€Å"the systemic, strategic coordination of the traditional business functions and the tactics across these business functions within a particular company and across businesses within the supply chain, for the purposes of improving the long term performance of the individual companies and the supply chain as a whole. It has also be en defined as the â€Å"design, planning, execution, control, and monitoring of supply Hahn activities with the objective of creating net value, building a competitive infrastructure, leveraging worldwide logistics, synchronizing supply with demand and measuring performance globally. † SCM is a cross-functional approach that includes managing the movement of raw materials into an organization, certain aspects of the internal processing of materials into finished goods, and the movement of finished goods out of the organization and toward the end consumer.As organizations strive to focus on core competencies and becoming more flexible, they reduce their ownership of raw materials sources and distribution channels. These functions are increasingly being outsourced to other firms that can perform the activities better or more cost effectively. The effect is to increase the number of organizations involved in satisfying customer demand, while reducing managerial control of daily logistics operations. Less control and more supply chain partners led to the creation of the concept of supply chain management.The purpose Of supply chain management is to improve trust and collaboration among supply chain partners, thus improving inventory visibility and the velocity of inventory movement. Wall-Mart was the largest retailing company in the world. The company was much bigger than its competitors in the US – Sears Roebuck, K-Mart, J Penny and Nordstrom combined (Refer Exhibit I). Len 2002, Wall-Mart operated more than 3,500 discount stores, Cam's Clubs and Superstructures in the US and more than 1,1 70 stores in all major countries across the world.The company also sold products on the Internet through its website, Walter. Com. Wall-Mart was one of the largest private sector employers in the world, with employee strength of approximately 1. 28 million. The company's founder, Sam Walton (Walton) had always focused on improving sales, constantly reducing costs, adopting efficient distribution and logistics management systems and using innovative information technology (IT) tools. According to analysts, Wall-Mart was able to achieve a leadership status ((Refer Exhibit II)) in the retail industry because of its efficient supply chain management practices.Captain Vernon L. Beauty, aide-De-camp to the commander, Defense Supply Center, Columbus, Ohio said, â€Å"Supply chain management is moving the right items to the right customer at the right time by the most efficient means. No one does that well than Wall-Mart. † Every task has a particular aim. A study without objective cannot reach its estimation. The main objective of the study is to know about â€Å"Supply Chain Management Systems of Wall-Mart†. Some other objectives of this study mention in the following: 1 . To know about Supply chain Management system. . To know about supply chain process. 3. To know about Wall-Mart. 4. To gather knowledge about supply chain managemen t of Wall-Mart. 5. To get a real idea about supply chain system. 6. To increase knowledge about supply chain. 7. To know how to manage supply chain process from Wall-Mart. 8. To know about retail system. We have collected data in the following ways: Website Desk report of the related department. Other manual information. Different reference books of the library News paper Articles Internship report CHAPTER.Two THEORETICAL ASPECTS The term â€Å"supply chain management† entered the public domain when Keith Oliver, a consultant at Bozo Allen Hamilton (now strategy&), used it in an interview for the Financial Times in 1982. The term was slow to take hold. It gained currency in the mid-1 sass, when a flurry of articles and books came out on the subject. In the late asses it rose to prominence as a management buzzword, and operations managers began to use it in their titles with increasing regularity.Commonly accepted definitions of supply chain management include: The management of upstream and downstream value- added flows of materials, final goods, and related information among suppliers, company, resellers, and final consumers The systematic, strategic coordination of traditional business functions and tactics across all business supply chain, for the purposes of improving the long-term performance Of the individual companies and the supply chain as a whole.A definition is given by Hines (2004:pop): â€Å"Supply chain strategies require a total systems view of the inks in the chain that work together efficiently to create customer satisfaction at the end point of delivery to the consumer. As a consequence, costs must be lowered throughout the chain by driving out unnecessary expenses, movements, and handling. The main focus is turned to efficiency and added value, or the end-user's perception of value. Efficiency must be increased, and bottlenecks removed.The measurement of performance focuses on total system efficiency and the equitable monetary reward distribution to those within the supply chain. The supply chain system must be responsive to customer requirements. The integration of key business processes across the supply chain for the purpose of creating value for customers and stakeholders (Lambert, 2008) According to the Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals (CAMP), supply chain management encompasses the planning and management of all activities involved in sourcing, procurement, conversion, and logistics management.It also includes coordination and collaboration with channel partners, which may be suppliers, intermediaries, third-party service providers, or customers. Supply chain management integrates supply and demand management within and across companies. More recently, the loosely coupled, self- organizing network of businesses that cooperate to provide product and service offerings has been called the Extended Enterprise.Supply Chain Management (SCM) is the management of the relationship between the suppl ier's supplier and the customer's customer through the supply chain participants (Distributor/Wholesaler and Retailer) between them, mainly using information flow and logistics activities to gain Competitive advantage and customer satisfaction. Figure: Supply Chain Management System A supply chain, as opposed to supply chain management, is a set of organizations directly linked y one or more upstream and downstream flows of products, services, finances, or information from a source to a customer.Supply chain management is the management of such a chain. In many cases the supply chain includes the collection of goods after consumer use for recycling. Successful SCM requires a change from managing individual functions to integrating activities into key supply chain processes. In an example scenario, a purchasing department places orders as its requirements become known. The marketing department, responding to customer demand, communicates with several distributors and retailers as it attempts to determine ways to attics this demand.Information shared between supply chain partners can only be fully leveraged through process integration. Supply chain business process integration involves collaborative work between buyers and suppliers, joint product development, common systems, and shared information. According to Lambert and Cooper (2000), operating an integrated supply chain requires a continuous information flow. However, in many companies, management has concluded that optimizing product flows cannot be accomplished without implementing a process approach.

History of the Gatling Gun and Dr. Richard Gatling

History of the Gatling Gun and Dr. Richard Gatling In 1861, Doctor Richard Gatling patented the Gatling Gun, a six-barreled weapon capable of firing a (then) phenomenal 200 rounds per minute. The Gatling gun was a hand-driven, crank-operated, multi-barrel, machine gun. The first machine gun with reliable loading, the Gatling gun had the ability to fire sustained multiple bursts. Inventing the Gatling Gun Richard Gatling created his gun during the American Civil War, he sincerely believed that his invention would bring an end to  war by making it unthinkable to use due to the horrific carnage possible by his weapons. At the least, the Gatling guns power would reduce the number of soldiers required to remain on the battlefield. The 1862 version of the Gatling gun had reloadable steel chambers and used percussion caps. It was prone to occasional jamming. In 1867, Gatling redesigned the Gatling gun again to use metallic cartridges; this version was bought and used by the United States Army. Life of Richard Gatling Born September 12, 1818, in Hertford County, North Carolina, Richard Gatling was the son of planter and inventor, Jordan Gatling, who held two patents of his own. Besides the Gatling gun, Richard Gatling also patented a seed-sowing rice planter in 1839 that was later adapted into a successful wheat drill. In 1870, Richard Gatling and his family moved to Hartford, Connecticut, home of the Colt Armory where the Gatling gun was being manufactured.

arranged marriage essays

arranged marriage essays Arranged marriage is a concept that does not take precedence in the United States, where love marriages are most popular. In this presentation we will explore the reasons for arranged marriages and look at the process that goes on. Our group will also relate this topic to such anthropological terms such as dowry and joint family system. Our goal is to help others understand that no matter how different arranged marriages may seem to Americans, they love, procreate and support each other possibly more successfully than our "love marriages. Before delving into the intrcacies of the process of arranges marriages we will define our terms so that students will know how to relate them when they hear them in our presentation. Posters will act as our visual aid in order to explain such terms as swamber which literally means "groom seeks out his bride:. Other terms such include dowry which is the payment of the woman;s inheritance at the time of her marriage, either to her or her husband. This dowry usually helps pay for the wedding ceremony, paid mostly by her parents. One very important part of an arranged marriage is the significance of the middle man, who is usually a middle woman. She may be a family friend or an aunt of the person to be married. This matchmaker thoroughly inspects the pasts and reputations of the prospective bride or groom to find anything that may not be approved by the family. This is usually done by word of mouth by relatives and friends who know the person. There are three main characteristics that the mediator looks for : the girl or boy's social status, their education level and their physical appearance. After these qualities have been approves by both families, the two may meet if they don't already know each other. If they agree they would like to be married, the wedding may proceed as soon as two weeks later or as late as a few years. There are five ceremonies that are a part of the wedding. The fi...